Abstract
We present an analysis of how the genotype-phenotype map in Grammatical Evolution (GE) can effect performance on the Max Problem. Earlier studies have demonstrated a performance decrease for Position Independent Grammatical Evolution (πGE) in this problem domain. In πGE the genotype-phenotype map is changed so that the evolutionary algorithm controls not only what the next expansion will be but also the choice of what position in the derivation tree is expanded next. In this study we extend previous work and investigate whether the ability to change the order of expansion is responsible for the performance decrease or if the problem is simply that a certain order of expansion in the genotype-phenotype map is responsible. We conclude that the reduction of performance in the Max problem domain by πGE is rooted in the way the genotype-phenotype map and the genetic operators used with this mapping interact.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Banzhaf, W.: Genotype-phenotype-mapping and neutral variation – A case study in genetic programming. In: Davidor, Y., Männer, R., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1994. LNCS, vol. 866. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)
Brameier, M.F., Banzhaf, W.: Linear Genetic Programming. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Dempsey, I., O’Neill, M., Brabazon, A.: Foundations in Grammatical Evolution for Dynamic Environments. SCI. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Fagan, D., O’Neill, M., Galván-López, E., Brabazon, A., McGarraghy, S.: An Analysis of Genotype-Phenotype Maps in Grammatical Evolution. In: Esparcia-Alcázar, A.I., Ekárt, A., Silva, S., Dignum, S., Uyar, A.Ş. (eds.) EuroGP 2010. LNCS, vol. 6021, pp. 62–73. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Fernandez-Villacanas Martin, J.-L., Shackleton, M.: Investigation of the importance of the genotype-phenotype mapping in information retrieval. Future Generation Computer Systems 19(1) (2003)
Gathercole, C., Ross, P.: An adverse interaction between crossover and restricted tree depth in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Genetic Programming, pp. 291–296. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
Harding, S., Miller, J.F., Banzhaf, W.: Evolution, development and learning using self-modifying cartesian genetic programming. In: GECCO 2009: Proc. of the 11th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. ACM, New York (2009)
Hemberg, E., McPhee, N., O’Neill, M., Brabazon, A.: Pre-, in- and postfix grammars for symbolic regression in grammatical evolution. In: IEEE Workshop and Summer School on Evolutionary Computing (2008)
Byrne, J., O’Neill, M., McDermott, J., Brabazon, A.: An analysis of the behaviour of mutation in grammatical evolution. In: Esparcia-Alcázar, A.I., Ekárt, A., Silva, S., Dignum, S., Uyar, A.Ş. (eds.) EuroGP 2010. LNCS, vol. 6021, pp. 14–25. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Kell, D.B.: Genotype-phenotype mapping: genes as computer programs. Trends in Genetics 18(11) (2002)
Keller, R.E., Banzhaf, W.: Genetic programming using genotype-phenotype mapping from linear genomes into linear phenotypes. In: Genetic Programming 1996: Proc. of the First Annual Conference. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
Keller, R.E., Banzhaf, W.: Evolution of genetic code on a hard problem. In: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2001). Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2001)
Koza, J.R., Keane, M.A., Streeter, M.J., Mydlowec, W., Yu, J., Lanza, G.: Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2003)
Langdon, W., Poli, R.: An analysis of the MAX problem in genetic programming. In: Genetic Programming (1997)
Margetts, S., Jones, A.J.: An adaptive mapping for developmental genetic programming. In: Miller, J., Tomassini, M., Lanzi, P.L., Ryan, C., Tetamanzi, A.G.B., Langdon, W.B. (eds.) EuroGP 2001. LNCS, vol. 2038, p. 97. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Miller, J.F., Thomson, P.: Cartesian genetic programming. In: Poli, R., Banzhaf, W., Langdon, W.B., Miller, J., Nordin, P., Fogarty, T.C. (eds.) EuroGP 2000. LNCS, vol. 1802, pp. 121–132. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
O’Neill, M.: Automatic Programming in an Arbitrary Language: Evolving Programs with Grammatical Evolution. PhD thesis, University Of Limerick (2001)
O’Neill, M., Brabazon, A., Nicolau, M., Garraghy, S.M., Keenan, P.: πgrammatical evolution. In: Deb, K., et al. (eds.) GECCO 2004. LNCS, vol. 3103, pp. 617–629. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
O’Neill, M., Hemberg, E., Gilligan, C., Bartley, E., McDermott, J., Brabazon, A.: GEVA: Grammatical evolution in java. SIGEVOlution 3(2) (2008)
O’Neill, M., Ryan, C.: Grammatical Evolution: Evolutionary Automatic Programming in a Arbitrary Language. In: Genetic Programming. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2003)
O’neill, M., Ryan, C., Keijzer, M., Cattolico, M.: Crossover in grammatical evolution. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 4(1), 67–93 (2003)
Poli, R., Langdon, W.B., McPhee, N.F.: A field guide to genetic programming (2008), Published via http://lulu.com and freely available at http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk (With contributions by J. R. Koza)
Stephens, C.R.: Effect of mutation and recombination on the genotype-phenotype map. In: Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, vol. 2. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fagan, D., Nicolau, M., Hemberg, E., O’Neill, M., Brabazon, A., McGarraghy, S. (2011). Investigation of the Performance of Different Mapping Orders for GE on the Max Problem. In: Silva, S., Foster, J.A., Nicolau, M., Machado, P., Giacobini, M. (eds) Genetic Programming. EuroGP 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6621. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20407-4_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20407-4_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-20406-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-20407-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)