Abstract
Objects retain their color in spite of changes in the wavelength and energy composition of the light they reflect. This phenomenon is called color constancy and plays an important role in computer vision research. We have used genetic programming to automatically search the space of programs to solve the problem of color constancy for an artificial retina. This retina consists of a two dimensional array of elements each capable of exchanging information with its adjacent neighbors. The task of the program is to compute the intensities of the light illuminating the scene. These intensities are then used to calculate the reflectances of the object. Randomly generated color Mondrians were used as fitness cases. The evolved program was tested on artificial Mondrians and natural images.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K. Barnard, G. Finlayson, and B. Funt. Color constancy for scenes with varying illumination. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 65(2):311–321, February 1997.
D.H. Brainard and B.A. Wandell. Analysis of the retinex theory of color vision. In G.E. Healey, S.A. Shafer, and L.B. Wolff, editors, Color, pages 208–218, Boston, 1992. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
V.C. Cardei and B. Funt. Committee-based color constancy. In Proceedings of the IS&T/SID Seventh Color Imaging Conference: Color Science, Systems and Applications, pages 311–313, 1999.
S.M. Courtney, L.H. Finkel, and G. Buchsbaum. A multistage neural network for color constancy and color induction. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 6(4):972–985, July 1995.
P.A. Dufort and C.J. Lumsden. Color categorization and color constancy in a neural network model of V4. Biological Cybernetics, 65:293–303, 1991.
M. D’Zmura and P. Lennie. Mechanisms of color constancy. In G.E. Healey, S.A. Shafer, and L.B. Wolff, editors, Color, pages 224–234, Boston, 1992. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
G.D. Finlayson, B. Schiele, and J.L. Crowley. Comprehensive colour image normalization. In Fifth European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV’ 98), 1998.
D.A. Forsyth. A novel approach to colour constancy. In Second International Conference on Computer Vision (Tampa, FL, Dec. 5-8), pages 9–18. IEEE Press, 1988.
D.A. Forsyth. A novel algorithm for color constancy. In G.E. Healey, S.A. Shafer, and L.B. Wolff, editors, Color, pages 241–271, Boston, 1992. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
B. Funt, K. Barnard, and L. Martin. Is colour constancy good enough? In Fifth European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV’ 98), pages 445–459, 1998.
B. Funt, V. Cardei, and K. Barnard. Learning color constancy. In Proceedings of the IS&T/SID Fourth Color Imaging Conference, pages 58–60, Scottsdale, 19-22November 1996.
B.V. Funt and M.S. Drew. Color constancy computation in near-mondrian scenes using a finite dimensional linear model. In Proceedings of the Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 544–549. Computer Society Press, 5-9_June 1988.
B.V. Funt, M.S. Drew, and J. Ho. Color constancy from mutual reflection. International Journal of Computer Vision, 6(1):5–24, 1991.
R. Gershon, A.D. Jepson, and J.K. Tsotsos. From [R,G,B] to surface reflectance: Computing color constant descriptors in images. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 2, pages 755–758, 1987.
I. Harvey, P. Husbands, and D. Cliff. Issues in evolutionary robotics. In J.-A. Meyer, H.L. Roitblat, and S.W. Wilson, editors, From animals to animats 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1992, pages 364–373. The MIT Press, 1993.
J. Herault. A model of colour processing in the retina of vertebrates: From photoreceptors to colour opposition and colour constancy phenomena. Neurocomputing, 12:113–129, 1996.
J. Ho, B.V. Funt, and M.S. Drew. Separating a color signal into illumination and surface reflectance components: Theory and applications. In G.E. Healey, S.A. Shafer, and L.B. Wolff, editors, Color, pages 272–283, Boston, 1992. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
B.K.P. Horn. Robot Vision. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986.
J.R. Koza. Genetic Programming, On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1992.
J.R. Koza. Genetic Programming II, Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994.
E.H. Land. The retinex theory of colour vision. Proc. Royal Inst. Great Britain, 47:23–58, 1974.
K.J. Linnell and D.H. Foster. Space-average scene colour used to extract illuminant information. In C. Dickinson, I. Murray, and D. Carden, editors, John Dalton’s Colour Vision Legacy. Selected Proceedings of the International Conference, pages 501–509, London, 1997. Taylor & Francis.
L.T. Maloney and B.A. Wandell. Color constancy: A method for recovering surface spectral reflectance. Journal of the Optical Society of America A3, 3(1):29–33, January 1986.
C.L. Novak and S.A. Shafer. Supervised color constancy for machine vision. In G.E. Healey, S.A. Shafer, and L.B. Wolff, editors, Color, pages 284–299, Boston, 1992. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
S. Usui and S. Nakauchi. A neurocomputational model for colour constancy. In C. Dickinson, I. Murray, and D. Carden, editors, John Dalton’s Colour Vision Legacy. Selected Proceedings of the International Conference, pages 475–482, London, 1997. Taylor & Francis.
S. Zeki. A Vision of the Brain. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1993.
D. Zongker and B. Punch. lil-gp 1.01 User’s Manual (support and enhancements Bill Rand). Michigan State University, 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ebner, M. (2001). Evolving Color Constancy for an Artificial Retina. In: Miller, J., Tomassini, M., Lanzi, P.L., Ryan, C., Tettamanzi, A.G.B., Langdon, W.B. (eds) Genetic Programming. EuroGP 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2038. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45355-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45355-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-41899-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45355-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive