Original Research ArticleAn empirical model for shear capacity of RC deep beams using genetic-simulated annealing
Highlights
► We have introduced GSA algorithm for shear capacity modeling of RC deep beams. ► The algorithm is applied to experimental databases obtained from the literature. ► A simplified formula is obtained for different kinds of concrete. ► Our results are better than the ACI and CSA models.
Introduction
Reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams may be used in pile caps, bunkers, some shear walls, floor slabs under horizontal loads, and many different types of structures. In deep beams, the bending strain distribution through the depth of transverse sections of beam considerably deviates from the linear distribution, predicted by elementary bending theory of beams. Consequently, the transverse plane sections before bending do not remain plane after bending. As the ratio of depth to span of a beam becomes less than 2 for simply supported beams and 2.5 for continuous beams, the simple bending theory cannot be basically used for determination of the bending and shear stresses [29], [39]. The failure mode of deep beams is usually dominated by the shear stresses; hence, shear in deep beams is a major consideration in their design. Many research efforts have been performed to formulate the shear strength of RC deep beams [28], [32], [34], [40], [45]. Some of the researchers have employed strut-and-tie model (STM) to determine the shear strength of RC deep beams [7], [31], [37], [48]. STM has been also adopted by American Concrete Institute (ACI) [1] and the Canadian Standard Association (CSA) [13].
Empirical modeling by heuristic and modern search techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) is a different approach to determine the shear strength of beams. ANNs have been widely applied to assess different characteristics of RC slender beams such as prediction of shear capacity [35], torsional strength [44], and deflection analysis [15]. Sanad and Saka [42] utilized ANNs to predict the shear strength of RC deep beam. Despite the acceptable performance of ANNs, they usually do not give a certain function to calculate the outcome using the input values. Fuzzy logic (FL) [47] is well suited to implementing control rules that can only be expressed verbally, or systems that cannot be modeled with linear differential equations. Recently, Choi et al. [11] used this method for the modeling of the shear strength of slender RC beams. Similar to ANNs, the FL approach is not basically able to provide the mathematical expression of the model. In addition, determination of the fuzzy rules is a difficult task in FL procedure. The ANN and FL approaches are mostly appropriate to be used as a part of a computer program [23].
Genetic programming (GP) [30] can be regarded as a new alternative approach for the modeling of concrete behavior. GP may generally be defined as a specialization of genetic algorithms (GA) where the solutions are computer programs rather than binary strings. The main advantage of the GP-based approaches is their ability to generate prediction equations without assuming prior form of the existing relationship [22]. The developed equations can be easily manipulated in practical circumstances. Pérez et al. [38], Gandomi et al. [21], [24] and Ashour et al. [8] employed GP to derive complex relationships among the RC beam experimental data.
Simulated annealing (SA) is a general stochastic search algorithm, which introduces the concept of evolution into the annealing process. SA was first presented by Metropolis et al. [33] to mimic the natural process of metals annealing. This algorithm is independently applied to optimization problems by Kirkpatrick et al. [27]. SA is very useful for solving several types of optimization problems with nonlinear functions and multiple local optima. Deschaine et al. [14] and Folino et al. [16] combined GP and SA to make a hybrid algorithm with better efficiency. The SA strategy was used to decide the acceptance of a new individual. It was shown that introducing this strategy into the GP process improves the simple GP profitably [16]. This genetic-simulated annealing (GSA) method has rarely been applied to engineering problems [2], [6], [25].
In this study, the GSA approach was utilized to estimate the shear capacity of RC beams with stirrups. A generalized relationship was obtained between the load capacity and the amount of longitudinal and shear reinforcement, concrete compressive strength, effective depth, web width, beam span, and shear span to depth ratio. The proposed model was developed based on several shear test results of RC beams reported in the literature. A comparative study was performed between the obtained results and those of the ACI and CSA code models. A parametric study was further carried out to justify the results.
Section snippets
Genetic programming
GP is a symbolic optimization technique that creates computer programs to solve a problem using the principle of Darwinian natural selection. GP was introduced by Koza [30] as an extension of GA. In GP, programs are represented as tree structures and expressed in the functional programming language [23]. The main difference between the GA and GP approaches is that in GP the evolving programs (individuals) are parse trees rather than fixed-length binary strings. The traditional optimization
The proposed GSA model
In order to provide accurate assessment of the shear strength of RC deep beams, the effects of several factors were incorporated into the developed model. In this study, the GSA approach was utilized to obtain a meaningful relationship between the load capacity of deep beams and the influencing variables as follows:where
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V=ultimate strength of RC beam (v=V/bd) (MPa),
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b=web width (mm),
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d=effective depth (mm),
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a/d=shear span to depth,
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fc=concrete compressive strength (MPa),
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ρ=main
Comparison of GSA with Codes of practice
Here, a comparison between the shear strength of deep beams predicted by the proposed model, ACI and CSA design codes, is drawn. Overall performance of the GSA, ACI [1] and CSA [13] models on the entire data is summarized in Table 3. The considered deep beams are unreinforced, only with vertical reinforcement, only with horizontal reinforcement, and with orthogonal shear reinforcement. Comparisons of the load capacity predictions, obtained by these models are also visualized in Fig. 8(a–f). The
Conclusions
In this study, a robust variant of GP, namely GSA, was employed to assess the shear resistance of RC deep beams. A comparison between the results of shear strength of deep beams, obtained by means of the GSA model and ACI and CSA codes, was made. The GSA-based model gives a reliable estimation for the shear strength of deep beams. It also produces better outcomes than the ACI and CSA models, considerably. Additionally, the proposed GSA-based formula for the shear strength is simple and
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